War and Military Atlas

How Battles Were Fought

War and Military Atlas

Disputed Statements

Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.

14 statements.

Aircraft Carrier, Introduced Year1918

Aircraft Carrier, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States 1918

HMS Argus (1918) is usually credited as the first true aircraft carrier able to both launch and recover aircraft; earlier ships from 1910 onward experimented with takeoff and landing at sea without full carrier capability.

Source Wikipedia: Aircraft carrier

Ayyubid-Crusader War, Start Year1177

Ayyubid-Crusader War, Wars

Standing

Concerns Start Year

Currently States 1177

No single named war has agreed bookend dates in the sources; this entity is scoped from Saladin's early campaigns against the Crusader states (Montgisard, 1177) through the pivotal 1187 conquest of Jerusalem.

Source Wikipedia: Military history of the Crusader states

Ayyubid-Crusader War, End Year1187

Ayyubid-Crusader War, Wars

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1187

Scoped here to the pivotal 1187 campaign (Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem); Ayyubid-Crusader fighting continued intermittently for decades afterward.

Source Wikipedia: Siege of Jerusalem (1187)

Blitzkrieg, DescriptionBlitzkrieg (lightning war) is the term, popularized by wartime journalists rather than coined by the Wehrmacht itself, for the combined-arms method Germany used from 1939 to 1941: concentrating armor, motorized infantry and air power at a single decisive point to break through enemy lines, then encircling and destroying the resulting pocket rather than advancing on a broad, even front. A body of historiography, most prominently Karl-Heinz Frieser's The Blitzkrieg Legend (1995), argues that Germany never adopted blitzkrieg as a formal, codified operational doctrine, and that its early campaign successes owed as much to improvisation, local initiative and French and Polish mistakes as to any deliberate lightning-war theory.

Blitzkrieg, Strategy and Doctrine

Standing

Concerns Description

Currently States Blitzkrieg (lightning war) is the term, popularized by wartime journalists rather than coined by the Wehrmacht itself, for the combined-arms method Germany used from 1939 to 1941: concentrating armor, motorized infantry and air power at a single decisive point to break through enemy lines, then encircling and destroying the resulting pocket rather than advancing on a broad, even front. A body of historiography, most prominently Karl-Heinz Frieser's The Blitzkrieg Legend (1995), argues that Germany never adopted blitzkrieg as a formal, codified operational doctrine, and that its early campaign successes owed as much to improvisation, local initiative and French and Polish mistakes as to any deliberate lightning-war theory.

The concentrated-armor breakthrough tactics Germany used from 1939 to 1941 are solidly documented; what is contested is whether the Wehrmacht itself ever held a codified doctrine called Blitzkrieg, or whether the label is a journalistic and postwar invention imposed on improvised, locally-driven successes. See the attached dissent.

Source Wikipedia: Blitzkrieg

Genghis Khan, Birth Year1162

Genghis Khan, Commanders

Standing

Concerns Birth Year

Currently States 1162

Historians favor 1155, 1162, or 1167; the exact year is disputed in the sources.

Source Wikipedia: Genghis Khan

Gladius, Introduced Year-216

Gladius, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -216

Adoption is debated: most accounts place Roman adoption of the Celtiberian-pattern gladius hispaniensis after the defeat at Cannae in 216 BC, though contact with the design may go back to the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC).

Source Wikipedia: Gladius

Hannibal Barca, Death Year-183

Hannibal Barca, Commanders

Standing

Concerns Death Year

Currently States -183

Ancient sources place his death within the range 183 to 181 BC; the exact year is not agreed. 183 BC is the commonly cited year.

Source Wikipedia: Hannibal

Longbow, Introduced Year1346

Longbow, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States 1346

The longbow was in English and Welsh use earlier, but 1346, the Battle of Crecy, marks its first major demonstrated dominance against a massed continental army; no single adoption year is recorded.

Source Wikipedia: Longbow

Radar, Introduced Year1938

Radar, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States 1938

Britain's Chain Home radar network became operational in stages from 1937 to 1939 and was instrumental in the Battle of Britain (1940); the invention of radar itself happened earlier and is Technology's own facet, not restated here.

Source Wikipedia: Radar

Roman Legion, Founded Year-107

Roman Legion, Armed Forces and Units

Standing

Concerns Founded Year

Currently States -107

The Roman legion as a standing professional formation is usually dated to the Marian reforms of 107 BC; earlier Republican legions existed as citizen levies raised for individual campaigns rather than permanent units, so an earlier founding date is defensible depending on which institution is meant.

Source Wikipedia: Roman legion

Samurai, Founded Year1180

Samurai, Armed Forces and Units

Standing

Concerns Founded Year

Currently States 1180

Samurai as armed retainers emerged gradually from around the eighth century CE as Japan's national conscript army system broke down; their prominence as the dominant military force in Japan is usually dated to their role in the Genpei War (1180 to 1185), the year recorded here.

Source Wikipedia: Samurai

Sarissa, Introduced Year-359

Sarissa, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -359

Credited to Philip II of Macedon, whose reign began in 359 BC; ancient sources do not give a specific year for the sarissa's adoption within it.

Source Wikipedia: Sarissa

Submarine, Introduced Year1914

Submarine, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States 1914

Submarines existed earlier (for example the Confederate H. L. Hunley in 1864), but they first had a significant impact in war during the First World War (1914 to 1918), notably German U-boat operations in the Battle of the Atlantic.

Source Wikipedia: Submarine

War Elephant, Introduced Year-264

War Elephant, Weapons Systems

Standing

Concerns Introduced Year

Currently States -264

Carthage adopted war elephants after Pyrrhus of Epirus's campaigns against Rome (280 to 279 BC) and deployed them extensively through the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) and Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC); no single adoption year is recorded.

Source Wikipedia: War elephant